What To Do With Melted-Down And Destroyed Guns

Every year, Ceasefire Oregon Education Foundation (COEF) sponsors gun turn-in events in Oregon.  In return for gift certificates for area supermarkets, people who have unwanted guns turn them in to the local police at the event, able to rid their homes of dangerous lethal weapons and walk away with the ability to purchase food and materials to help them live.  It is an event mirrored in more and more cities across the nation as people realize the dangers of guns in the home.  The guns are handed directly to police.

Since the inception of our gun turn-in events in 1994, COEF has eliminated nearly 8500 firearms off the streets and out of the homes of our state!

Guns being melted down into rebar (source)

Why would people turn in guns?  Some of the guns are old and corroded, dangerous to operate.  Some are from homes that have recently given birth to children and the family realizes the danger of having curious small children around firearms.  Some are from widows whose husbands had been gun owners and who have no interest or ability to shoot them.  And some are from homes with suicidal or otherwise dangerous individuals.  Some of these guns are kept out of the hands of criminals, with resulting declines of gun crimes afterward.  Can any reasonable person argue against these very sensible reasons?

But naturally, the gun fetishists picket the turn-in events, unable to accept that the reasons given above are reasonable.  They harass those who come to the event, harass those of us who help with the event, and even harass the police officers.  They even try to buy the guns off of those who come to turn them in, paying cash at the gate, though, thanks to the recently-enacted Senate Bill 941, they can no longer do so unless the seller and buyer go together to a firearms dealer to perform a background check.  Here's an example video, filmed by the gun guys themselves, showing these gun extremists literally waving cash around and harassing gun violence prevention advocates at an Oregon gun turn-in.

But what really makes the gun guys' heads explode is what becomes of their fetish items after they are turned in to the police.  The guns are cut up and melted down.

The same is true, also, for guns confiscated from criminals, after they have been used as evidence, by law enforcement.

What do you do the resulting metal?

In the majority, most of these cases see the metal go into very utilitarian uses.  This year in Los Angeles, for instance, the metal from  3400 guns that had been confiscated in crimes went into making rebar for construction of freeway bridges (see image to the right).  In 22 years of this event, 180,000 guns have wound up this way!  Another event in Seattle also turned them into rebar.

Other events have the guns turned into manhole covers, such as this one in Boston.  It gives me great pleasure to think that hundreds of guns were melted down to cover sewers!

In a turn-in in Cleveland, hundreds of guns were melted down to be used in the manufacture of cars, household appliances, and other consumer goods.

Guns being melted down in Clevelant (source)

And in the spirit of beating swords into plowshares, a group in Philadelphia has been turning assault rifles into garden tools.  And a Mexican artist has been melting down 1527 guns into 1527 shovel heads to plant trees.

In Virginia beach, guns were melted down and formed into paperweights.

One city in Delaware used to melt the guns and other weapons down and make nails, but now they are used to produce electricity.




But not all of these guns have been turned into utilitarian items.  Some have been turned into artistic statements against gun violence.

Ammo and gun parts melted to form bracelets like on the right (source)

Jewelry is a popular result.  This New York artist turns assault rifles and ammo into bracelets, each one bearing the serial number of one of the guns used to make it, the proceeds from the sales of which are used to fund gun violence prevention efforts.

And these beautiful torc bracelets are also created out of illegal guns and ammo, also helping to fund gun violence prevention efforts, through Armani.

Newark, New Jersey, also had guns melted down into jewelry by a designer, who called it the "Caliber Collection."  An offshoot from that project attracted the rap singer Snoop Dogg to release his own line of melted-gun jewelry.  The city of Chicago also made jewelry.

Sculpture isn't unheard of.  In Colorado, high school students are using gun metal to form inspirational statues dedicated to shooting victims.  From an article:

The Boulder County Sheriff’s Office donated surrendered guns, teaching the students how to disarm them and supervising the sawing of the guns so they no longer functioned. Sculptor Jessica Adams is guiding the students as they use the melted gun metal to create a sculpture out of 12,400 rods, one for each gun victim in 2013, with longer rods for younger victims, symbolizing the length of the lives they were not able to live.  

"Peace Angel"

Sheila Dierks, a priest at the Light of Christ Ecumenical Catholic Church who is volunteering with the project said, “By transforming these guns into art, we’re giving less power to the gun and more to the power of change we hope to see.”

In New York City, 946 confiscated guns were turned into a 5 foot tall "peace angel" statue.  Other, larger, "peace angel" statues made out of gun metal will also be placed around New York in the future, including at the 9/11 memorial.

Here are examples from around the world of sculptures made of destroyed guns.  Here are some other sculptures made of destroyed guns by an artist, and here is a Pinterest gallery of many other works of art made from destroyed guns.

Finally, in perhaps the most creative way to use destroyed guns, an artist has turned them into musical instruments of many different kinds, including xylophone, electric guitar, flute, and others.

Here is a video of the artist and his musical instruments:



Whatever the usage, whether an artistic creation or just a paperweight, any of these ends are better than having the gun intact.  The best type of gun is a destroyed gun.


UPDATE (7/27/16):  HERE is another example, where the city of Los Angeles had its 23rd "gun melt" event, this time melting down 7000 guns (nearly 10 tons!) to make rebar to reinforce roads and bridges.

A Successful Mother’s Day Weekend for Ceasefire Oregon

Baldr Odinson (at right) speaking, for Ceasefire Oregon, at the
2013 Million Mom March rally and march for peace in Eugene
(photo by Jasmine Rose Penter)

Last Sunday was Mother’s Day, a day when children everywhere show their love for the woman who raised them, and that mothers return that love.  Here in my home it was special, with my wife showered with homemade gifts from our two small children, in a safe and loving home, and a gift and call to my own mom, whom I will be visiting in another state later this year.

But Mother’s Day is different this year.  Still fresh in our nation’s collective experience is the horror that was Newtown.  Since that horrifying day, when 20 little children were gunned down, along with 7 adults, at least another 71 kids *under the age of 12* have been killed by gunfire in homicides and accidents, according to Mother Jones magazine.  From the article:

An average of 197 children ages 12 and younger died from gun shots each year from 1999 through 2010, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Dozens are killed annually in accidents—often with other young kids firing the gun—although the majority die in homicides. 

Among the 71 shooting deaths we analyzed from the past five months: 

• 40 killings were unintentional and 31 were alleged homicides.
• The most common scenario was kid-on-kid: At least 29 of the accidental deaths occurred when a kid under 17 pulled the trigger.
• The average age of the victims was just under six years old.
• 20 victims were girls and 51 were boys.
• The problem was worst in the South: Florida had the most kids killed (four accidents, five alleged homicides), followed by Ohio and Tennessee (four accidents and two alleged homicides in each state), followed by Alabama (two accidents, two alleged homicides) and South Carolina (four accidents).

I see it every day, in dozens of email Google alerts, which I try to post whenever I can to the Kid Shootings blog.  But there is no way to keep up with them all, without taking away time from my own parenting and work responsibilities.  As we say at the Kid Shooting blog, over and over again: “Every gun in the hands of a child must first pass through the hands of an adult.”  Children and guns don’t mix, and it is the gun owners, usually the parents, who are typically responsible for allowing access to guns in these tragedies.

Also from the Mother Jones article:

Many accidental shootings happen in or around a family home, often involving kids playing with guns. Others involve parents accidentally shooting their kids. These incidents don't exactly shore up the gun lobby's claim that Americans need to secure their homes with handguns or even AR-15 assault rifles. Public health researchers have found that having a gun in the home puts gun owners and their families at higher risk of being shot intentionally or accidentally. Forty-three percent of homes with guns and kids contain at least one unlocked firearm. And one study found that a third of 8- to 12-year-old boys who came across an unlocked handgun picked it up and pulled the trigger.

But we needn’t just shake our heads and despair.  We have to take action to limit the violence.  Ceasefire Oregon has been active in trying to get the word out about the dangers of gun violence.

Last Saturday, Ceasefire Oregon held its annual gun turn-in in Portland, and hundreds of people showed up.  485 firearms were turned in, in exchange for gift certificates to Fred Meyer and Safeway stores.  Among those guns were four assault weapons.  These are weapons, in working condition, which are now out of the hands of those who feel unsafe having them in their homes, who have inherited them from deceased relatives, or who have come to the realization that a gun in the home is 22 times more likely to harm you than to be used to protect you.  From an article:

“Given the recent events at Clackamas Town Center, Newtown, Connecticut, and elsewhere, people are obviously thinking twice about having weapons in their homes,” said Penny Okamoto, Ceasefire Oregon’s executive director. “The huge turnout we had today is clear evidence of that.” 

The number of weapons turned in was the highest since 2001, when 504 guns were turned in. Nearly 8,290 guns have been turned in since the annual event began in 1994.Participants who turned in working guns received gift certificates from Safeway or Fred Meyer. Handguns merited a $100 gift certificate, with rifles and shotguns getting $75, assault weapons $150, magazines with 50-round capacities or more $25 and pellet and BB guns $10.

And then, on Sunday, Ceasefire Oregon joined with Million Mom March for the 14^th annual march for

Eugene Mayor Kitty Piercy addressing the
audience at the 14th annual Million Mom March
rally and walk for peace
(photo by Jasmine Rose Penter)

peace in Eugene, Oregon.  Around 100 people showed up to hear live music, speeches from Eugene Mayor Kitty Piercy, MMM organizer Betsy Steffensen, and myself, and then march 2-3 miles along the river trail in solidarity to reduce gun violence. 

From an article from the Register-Guard newspaper in Eugene:

About 100 people met at the Eugene Water & Electric Board Plaza along the Willamette River and listened to statements from Eugene Mayor Kitty Piercy and others who chose Mother’s Day to advocate for gun legislation reform. 

Several speakers echoed the words of the Dalai Lama, spoken during his sold-out presentation Friday at the University of Oregon, during their remarks at the plaza before embarking on a one-mile walk along the river to the Owen Memorial Rose Garden. 

Piercy said she is disillusioned by the absence of change in state or federal gun laws, even in the wake of the massacre shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut in December. She paraphrased the Dalai Lama when she said “never give up” and encouraged everyone to work together to put pressure on politicians to enact more thorough background checks for gun purchases. 

“We have to care about each other’s well-being,” Piercy said, again citing the Dalai Lama in saying the “core of peace” is caring about others.

I spoke mainly on the false assumptions that the pro-gun crowd make regarding “rights” granted by the Second Amendment, versus the historical truth of the amendment according to the Supreme Court and Constitutional scholars, and the difference between *having a right* and what *is* right to do.  My speech was well-received.  As I've said before, I greatly enjoy speaking in public on this issue, and will have other chances soon.

Mothers, hug your children tightly.  According to one study, around 3000 teens and children die every year in America to gunfire, and another 14,000 are injured.  I've seen it myself, when one teen shot another to death just a few feet from me, and in the death of a young friend in a suicide.

We have to work hard as responsible parents and citizens to limit those numbers, through child access protection laws and other sensible gun laws to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and youths, and create a new trajectory for our communities away from gun violence.


ADDENDUM (5/15/13):  A related article, written by the mother of a Sandy Hook victim, about the poignancy of losing a child to gun violence as a mother, particularly when Mother's Day comes around, by Rebecca Bond, who started the organization EVOLVE:

When I started Evolve, after the horrific tragedy of Sandy Hook, it was because I could not contemplate anything more unimaginable than taking away the life of a child. My child or another mother's child. One of our human miracles. It wasn't about guns to me. It was about a mother's conscience and the unfathomable idea that 20 children could be massacred and what if? What if nothing happened and we continue to look away from the truth about gun violence and gun behaviors in this country? As a mother, it was too unimaginable to consider. 

What drove me to start Evolve is knowing that we have to do better. That as mothers we must do better to make saving a life our priority. We know that human life is fragile because we know first-hand the miracle of creating one. We also know once that life is created, we must do everything within our power -- within our society's power -- to ensure that life does not go to waste. 

Guns are powerful, but human choice is more powerful. More powerful than a gun, more powerful than legislation, more powerful than the Second Amendment.

.

Portland Gun Turn-In A Success

One of the key events put on each year by the Ceasefire Oregon Education Foundation is the gun turn-in event, held once or twice each year.  Anyone can turn in unwanted guns, no questions asked, and receive a gift card in exchange.  Each working gun will be exchanged for a $75 gift certificate to Fred Meyer stores (up to three per person).  Non-working guns and BB/Pellet guns receive a gift certificate to a fast food restaurant.  No questions asked.  Portland Police Department was there to take the weapons, check them for safety, and check their serial numbers.  The guns are then destroyed.

This turn-in, there was a total of 235 weapons:  64 rifles, 44 shotguns, 114 handguns, 10 pellet guns, 1 crossbow, 2 non-working guns.

News article and video:  http://www.katu.com/news/local/Gun-turn-in-event-aims-to-curb-gun-violence-166663106.html?tab=video&c=y

This is an excellent win-win situation.  People who are unable or unwilling to keep a gun safely will turn them in, making homes and streets safer in the process, and in return are able to get a gift card for food or necessary department store items. 

And who turns in the guns?  Not criminals, most likely.  What criminal would knowingly approach a police officer with a crime gun?  No, these are widows who don't know how to handle their husband's weapon, or new parents who understand that guns in the home are a danger to children, or people who inherited weapons and understand that a gun in the home is 22 times more likely to harm them than to be used to protect them.  Occasionally it is someone with a gun that is defective to the point of being dangerous.  In all these cases, the gun is clearly more of a liability than a blessing.  Gun owners and non-gun owners alike should be glad this is happening.

Lucy Mashia with her three grandchildren at the Portland event

People like Mrs. Lucy Mashia, who is featured in the news video.  Her son, Leonard James Irving, was gunned down last June, leaving behind three small children (also seen in the video).  She knows more than most the danger of guns in the wrong hands in our society.

From the video:

"My son loved life so much and someone just took his life, a bad decision, a five-second decision to pull the trigger," she said. "My heart is going to be heavy for the rest of my life."

Irving was about to turn 35 before he was shot and left for dead in the street. Instead, his three young children are getting older without him.

"I cannot fill the role," Mashia said. "All I can do is be grandma, you know?"

But really, Mashia feels there is more to do and more to say and wants the violence to stop. But being at Saturday's turn-in event is one way she's trying to make a difference and stop the violence. Also there was Portland Police Bureau Sgt. Tim Sessions, who has helped with the event for years. He doesn't know if it will really ever prevent a gang shooting since most of the people at Saturday's event had inherited guns and were unsure what to do with them.

Sessions, however, said the event will prevent both crime and death.

"These are unwanted guns," he said. "People who have unwanted guns usually don't store them or secure them in a way that would prevent theft or even accidents happening within their homes."

The same day, there was a similar gun buy-back in Lansing Michigan, sponsored by the city and its Guns for Groceries program.  Each gun was redeemed for a $100 gift card for food.

Within about 2½ hours, the program bought back nearly 100 guns using roughly $10,000 that had been donated to the effort to reduce crime and shootings in Lansing, Police Chief Teresa Syzmanski said. The city-sponsored program offered a $100 Meijer gift card for every weapon that was turned in Saturday to police on a “no questions asked” basis.

Syzmanski said all the weapons will be destroyed.

“We’ve been burying too many young people in this community. It’s one more tool,” said Mayor Virg Bernero, who visited the event. “Any guns taken off the streets is helpful.”

While Bernero said he doesn’t expect criminals to turn in their guns, he hopes the program will reduce weapon thefts and help keep guns out of the reach of young people. Bernero, who says he is not anti-Second Amendment, said it is the first gun buyback program in the city in many years.

The article gives an example of a man who turned in his long-unused shotgun, out of fear that his 6-year old daughter might find it.

Back in June, there was a gun turn-in in Chicago.  A total of 5,500 guns were handed over in the one-day event!

“I’m quite certain that if you look at some of these heavy weapons we certainly are making a difference here, just by getting these guns off the street,” McCarthy said at a Saturday evening news conference to show off some of the weapons.

The firearms ranged from an M-60 machine gun and sawed-off shotguns to to pen-like “zip” guns that can fire a lethal round. Of the 5,500-plus weapons, about 700 turned out to be BB-guns or replicas, McCarthy said.

During the gun turn-in Saturday, dubbed “Don’t Kill a Dream, Save a Life,” Chicagoans could turn in firearms, no questions asked, at churches to get $100 gift cards for each firearm. BB-guns and replicas were worth $10 cards. Some locations ran out of gift cards and had to give people IOUs.

Of course, the pro-gun extremists come out in force to oppose turn-ins.  Some stand outside the event, heckling those who attend and who volunteers for the event, and trying to buy guns off of anyone trying to turn guns in.

If you read the comments from the Portland turn-in, you'll see the usual statements from them.  One suggested the guns should have been given to children's charities.  Another stated "first the cops turn there guns in then maybe I will think about it myself," as if he needs his guns to fight police.  Another suggested that only criminals would turn in the guns.

Another couple commenters suggested that turning over guns in events like this would allow our tyrannical government to take over.  One wrote:

Of corse they want our guns, they are the only things standing in the way of the total fascism our government seeks.

Another stated,

THIS IS THE BIGGEST COMMIE PLOT EVER DEVISED TO TURN "CITIZENS" INTO "SUBJECTS!!!!!!!!" These morons are not real Americans!!!  They have an obligation to own and carry firearms to keep the peace AND GOVERNMENT from taking over!!!  THEY ALL NEED TO MOVE TO SOME EUROPEAN COMMUNIST COUNTRY!!! This country was not founded on surrendering your firearms.  It just demonstrates how brain dean and lacking critical thinking these excuses for human beings really are.

Lovely.  As if their pea-shooters would pose any resistance to a highly-trained army armed with modern military weapons.  These commenters seem to forget that many countries, such as Canada, England, Australia, and most of Europe, which have far stricter gun regulations (and less than 200 shootings a year, I might add) have somehow nonetheless remained a democracy.  They also seem to forget all those countries which overthrow dictators by peaceful means, without the need for widespread civilian gun ownership (such as India, Egypt, Tunisia, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Poland....).  But I digress.

Ceasefire Oregon Education Foundation and other organizations will continue to sponsor gun turn-ins.  They make sense.  Logical people understand that not everyone should have guns, even if it is their right to do so.  Getting guns out of the wrong hands is the responsible thing to do. 

Mrs. Lucy Mashia had a valuable statement in that first video as she stood there holding her dead son's three children:

"Everybody has a bad day, but if you have a gun, that bad day may turn into your last day."

ADDENDUM (8/19/12): A related news article on the Portland turn-in, illustrating the pro-gun hawkers who offer to buy guns from those turning them in, or profit or "on a principle."

ADDENDUM (8/19/12): Another gun turn-in today, this one in Queens, New York, brought in 509 guns.  From the article:

A total of 509 guns were surrendered at a Queens church on Saturday as part of an effort to clean up street violence in the borough, the NYPD said.

Among the firearms collected in the six-hour buyback event at the New Jerusalem Baptist Church in Jamaica was an AK 47, a TEC-9; and a Calico 9mm with a 50 round magazin, cops said.

Amid a wave of gun violence that plagued the city streets this summer, the NYPD, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown and State Sen. Malcolm Smith hosted a gun buyback initiative. People turning in working handguns, rifles or shotguns received $200 bank cards.
....
Queens resident Catherine Cruz found the initiative a perfect opportunity to give up her .25-caliber automatic handgun she once considered her “security blanket.”

“I have a 5-year-old granddaughter and I don’t want her to find it,” said Cruz, 53, who added that she used to carry the firearm in her purse every day on her bus commute to work for “protection.” But she stopped carrying it when she got a car.

ADDENDUM (8/20/12): Yet another gun turn-in, in Ocala, Florida, brought in 50 weapons.  From the article:

In four hours Saturday, residents turned in 41 functional handguns, one non-working handgun, two pellet rifles, one pellet gun, two shotguns and two rifles at the Ocala Police Department during the Gun Buy Back program, held at OPD headquarters.

Each functional handgun turned in was exchanged for a $50 Walmart gift card, with a limit of two cards per person.

Non-working handguns and long guns were accepted for disposal.

.

Another Successful Gun Turn-In

One of the goals of the Ceasefire Oregon Education Foundation is to sponsor gun turn-ins, where members of the public can bring unwanted firearms to be disposed of voluntarily, no questions asked, and redeem the guns for $50 gift certificates to Fred Meyer grocery and department store.  These are gun owners who, for whatever reason, no longer feel safe having a gun in their home.  Older people who can no longer safely use their weapons, or whose spouses died and they don't feel comfortable using them.  People who have family members who are depressed or violent.  New parents with children.  People with guns that are no longer in good shape.  Or simply people who need that little bit of cash to get by.  Whatever the case, they can hand over their guns for gift certificates and the police department will take possession of the guns and destroy them, all without adding to the flood of weapons in our community.

Last weekend was the second gun turn-in this year in Portland, with forty guns handed over (We collected 13 rifles, 6 shotguns, 21 handguns, 3 pellet guns, and some ammo).  We were happy to have cooperation and funding from the city (Thank you, Mayor Adams!) and the Portland Police Department.  Combined with the last two turn-ins in December 2010 and April 2011, that comes to over 400 guns.  Over the last 16 years of gun turn-ins, 7,564 firearms have been removed from our streets and homes!

HERE is a link to an article in the Oregonian newspaper on this week's turn-in event.

Portland Police Officer James Escobar (right) and Reserve Officer John Kirby (center) process two rifles and two handguns turned over Saturday to Ceasefire Oregon, while Cadet Daniel Nguyen begins the paperwork. The owner of the four guns said he no longer felt comfortable having them in his house since becoming a father. 

One of the patrons at this week's event, Ken Pyburn, turned in a couple .22's to pay for his Thanksgiving turkey.  From the article:

The Portland resident also is not opposed to guns. Rather, as far as he's concerned, the .22-caliber handgun and a .22 rifle he donated are too small to be of much use.


"I'm an old Army guy, a military policeman," he said. "Believe me, I know what it takes in a self-defense situation."


But Pyburn has no use for the powerful National Rifle Association and its anti-gun control agenda. "I'm not anti-gun, but I am anti-NRA," he said. "There's no practical way to keep guns off the street without a national registration system."

(It's interesting to note that on the same page where this article was printed in the Oregonian were news briefs on shootings that had taken place the day before:  a deadly hunting accident (where a man mistook a hiker for a bear), a gang shooting, a bus stop shooting, and a suicide by gun.  There were a total of three gang shootings this past weekend in Portland.  A few days before, there was also a man with a conceal carry permit brandishing a gun against protestors at the Occupy Portland gathering.)

Of course, like all the gun turn-ins, there are the pro-gun extremists who turn out at the entrance to the event to hassle anyone who attends, hollering at people who come to turn in their guns, offering to pay big money for their weapons.  Some convince the patrons to sell them their guns.  But the real reason the extremists are there, of course, is just to protest our attempts to remove weapons from the streets and from those who might abuse them.  These are the people who want more guns for more people in more places, at any cost, and fight to remove commonsense controls.  Their answer to gun violence is to add more guns to our community and oppose any measures to keep guns out of the hands of criminals, children, or the dangerously mentally ill.

Like myself and many who work to reduce gun-related violence, our organizers understand the value of removing guns from homes where they can be abused.  Consider the facts:

• Higher household gun ownership correlates with higher rates of homicides, suicides, and unintentional shootings (Harvard Injury Control Center).

• Keeping a firearm in the home increases the risk of suicide by a factor of 3 to 5 and increases the risk of suicide with a firearm by a factor of 17 (Kellermann, 1992, p. 467;  Wiebe, p. 771).

• Keeping a firearm in the home increases the risk of homicide by a factor of 3 (Kellermann, 1993, p. 1084).

Again from the Oregonian article: 

Back at the Ceasefire Oregon collection point, organizer Liz Julee expressed a much different sentiment. The native of western Kentucky said she's lost five family members over the years to gun violence. Four uncles and cousins were shot in various disputes, domestic squabbles or hunting accidents. Her clinically depressed mother used one of the family's hunting rifles to commit suicide.


"Her name was Helen Bridges, she was 48," Julee said. "I do this work in her honor."

If you have a gun in your home that you need to discard, you don't have to wait until the next gun turn-in.  Most police departments will take them, free of charge (but without giving you a gift card, of course), and most of those departments destroy those weapons. 

Sources for statistics:

Harvard School of Public Health: Harvard Injury Control Research Center. Homicide – Suicide – Accidents – Children and Women, Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, 2009, http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research/hicrc/firearms-research/guns-and-death/index.html

Kellermann, Arthur L. et al., “Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership,” New England Journal of Medicine, 327(7) (1992): 467-472.

Kellermann, Arthur L. MD, MPH, et al., “Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home,” New England Journal of Medicine, 329(15) (1993): 1084-1091.

Wiebe, Douglas J. PhD. “Homicide and Suicide Risks Associated With Firearms in the Home: A National Case-Control Study,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 41 (2003): 771-82.